Impresa al femminile: Dall’imprenditività all’empowerment per l’innovazione

La funzione delle donne nell’ambito dell’imprenditoria costituisce un argomento di crescente rilevanza, che negli ultimi decenni ha catalizzato l’interesse non solo della comunità accademica, ma anche degli attori politici, economici e imprenditoriali. In un contesto caratterizzato da una profonda accelerazione dei processi di cambiamento globale, la presenza femminile nelle imprese e nelle istituzioni si configura ormai come una componente strategica e non più marginale, con effetti trasversali su molteplici settori economico-produttivi. Di conseguenza, il riconoscimento e la valorizzazione del contributo offerto dalle donne al tessuto imprenditoriale non possono più essere circoscritti a comparti o nicchie specifiche, ma necessitano di una prospettiva sistemica e multidisciplinare.

L’imprenditoria femminile, nel panorama contemporaneo, si estende dall’innovazione tecnologica alle filiere della sostenibilità ambientale, dall’agroalimentare all’industria culturale e creativa, distinguendosi sia per il contributo apportato alla crescita economica sia per la capacità di generare impatti positivi in termini di benessere comunitario e di tutela ambientale. Tale impatto deriva, in parte, da una gestione delle risorse spesso orientata a modelli più inclusivi, partecipativi e collaborativi, che si traducono in vantaggi competitivi e sociali. Le imprenditrici, infatti, tendono ad adottare paradigmi di business improntati su valori quali l’etica, la sostenibilità e il benessere delle persone, elementi che si stanno progressivamente affermando come driver di mercato nell’attuale fase di evoluzione socioeconomica.

Nonostante i progressi compiuti in termini di partecipazione e riconoscimento, le donne che intraprendono percorsi imprenditoriali continuano a confrontarsi, in diversi contesti, con sfide peculiari, spesso determinate da fattori strutturali, sociali e culturali. Una delle barriere più insidiose è rappresentata dal cosiddetto “soffitto di cristallo”, ovvero quell’insieme di limitazioni invisibili ma persistenti che ostacolano l’ascesa delle donne verso posizioni di leadership imprenditoriale e manageriale. Sebbene siano stati registrati casi di superamento di tali barriere, la loro presenza rimane significativa, specialmente nel contesto italiano, dove le dinamiche di genere continuano a influenzare l’accesso alle opportunità imprenditoriali.

Nel panorama economico odierno, l’imprenditoria femminile si staglia come un fenomeno di cruciale importanza, non solo per il suo contributo tangibile alla crescita e all’inno­vazione, ma anche per il suo valore intrinseco come catalizza­tore di cambiamento sociale e culturale.

Il Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), che ogni anno analizza e fornisce dati sulle attività imprenditoriali a livello mondiale, rileva come l’imprenditoria femminile rap­presenti una componente significativa dell’attività imprendi­toriale globale. Il GEM evidenzia il ruolo attivo delle donne nella creazione e gestione di imprese, sottolineando il loro contributo come soggetti chiave nell’economia. Questo fenomeno non solo dimostra la capacità femminile di avviare e far crescere imprese di successo, ma mette anche in luce l’importanza del loro apporto all’innovazione, alla diversificazione dei mercati e alla crescita sostenibile.

L’imprenditoria femminile, dunque, si configura come un elemento essenziale per il progresso economico e sociale, favorendo un ambiente più inclusivo e dinamico. La promozione e il supporto all’imprenditoria femminile diventano quindi cruciali per garantire uno sviluppo equilibrato e per valorizzare pienamente il potenziale delle donne in questo campo.

Ulteriori analisi arricchiscono la nostra comprensione, inglobando sfumature e peculiarità che rendono l’imprenditoria femminile un fenomeno unico. Per esempio, l’Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavoro (International Labour Organization, ILO) enfatizza l’importanza dell’autonomia e della responsabilità delle donne imprenditrici, mettendo in luce il loro ruolo proattivo nel plasmare il destino delle proprie im­prese. Questi aspetti sottolineano l’importanza dell’imprendi­toria femminile non solo come motore economico, ma anche come strumento di empowerment e cambiamento sociale.

Ciononostante, definire l’imprenditoria femminile in modo univoco è un’impresa ardua, data la sua natura sfaccettata e multiforme. L’International Workshop Agreement (IWA) 34 dell’ISO fornisce una serie di definizioni chiare e universalmente con­cordate relative all’imprenditoria femminile. Secondo l’IWA 34, un “business di proprietà femminile” è definito come un’impresa detenuta per oltre il 50% da una o più donne, la cui gestione e controllo sono affidati a una o più donne, in cui una donna è firmataria dei documenti legali e dei conti finan­ziari dell’impresa, e che opera in modo indipendente da im­prese non possedute da donne. Inoltre, un “business guidato da donne” è un’impresa in cui almeno il 25% della proprietà è detenuto da una o più donne, con una quota significativa del consiglio di amministrazione e delle posizioni di leadership occupate da donne. Queste definizioni standardizzate facilitano la raccolta di dati comparabili a livello internazionale, la ricerca, la formulazione di politiche e l’accesso a finanziamenti e mercati, contribuendo al progresso dell’empowerment eco­nomico delle donne e agli obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile delle Nazioni Unite (ISO, 2021).

In linea con questo standard, l’Osservatorio Imprenditoria Femminile di Unioncamere – Infocamere, che legge e monitora ogni tre mesi l’andamento delle imprese femminili, considera tali quelle aziende partecipate in prevalenza da donne, quando trattasi di società di capitali o di persone e cooperative; mentre quella con il titolare donna, quando trattasi di ditte individuali.

Al di là della definizione terminologica, è chiaro che l’imprenditoria femminile non può semplicemente definirsi attorno alla ripartizione di quote o di presenze nei contesti imprendi­toriali, ma implica una serie di considerazioni metodologiche e teoriche che ancora non trovano consenso unanime nella letteratura economica (Paoloni e Serafini, 2018).

Da un lato, l’imprenditoria è tradizionalmente vista come un’attività individuale (Screpanti e Zamagni, 2005), ma il termine “femminile” introduce una dimensione collettiva che richiede di essere esplorata e compresa. Dall’altro, c’è il dibattito se le differenze di genere nelle pratiche imprenditoriali siano il frutto di costru­zioni sociali e storiche (Bettio e Verashchagina, 2008) o di dif­ferenze naturali intrinseche tra i sessi (Barker e Kuiper, 2003). Questa distinzione è cruciale non solo per la classificazione del fenomeno, ma anche per la misurazione delle sue caratteristiche e per comprendere appieno il suo impatto economico e sociale.La necessità di una procedura di identificazione chiara è essenziale per qualsiasi ricerca sulle caratteristiche dell’impren­ditoria femminile e la loro misurazione (Hausman, 2008). È infatti indispensabile stabilire se l’imprenditoria femminile sia un concetto individuale o collettivo e se abbia una derivazione sociale o naturale (Parker, 2018). Questa riflessione preliminare permette di capire meglio le differenze tra ruoli impren­ditoriali maschili e femminili, considerando se tali differenze siano dovute a evoluzioni sociali o a caratteristiche intrinseche (Schumpeter, 2006). Solo una volta chiarito questo, è possibi­le stabilire le peculiarità dell’imprenditoria femminile e come queste influenzino la creazione di valore. Per esempio, se l’im­prenditoria femminile è vista come una variabile collettiva, le differenze nella creazione di valore tra uomini e donne non possono essere attribuite a differenze individuali ma devono essere analizzate attraverso una lente di genere (Serafini, 2014). Questa comprensione è fondamentale non solo a livello azien­dale ma anche a livello macroeconomico, poiché influenza come misuriamo e interpretiamo il contributo delle imprendi­trici all’economia generale (Serafini, 2017).

La riflessione sulla natura dell’imprenditoria femminile non è, dunque, solo una questione accademica, ma ha implicazioni pratiche per la definizione delle politiche economi­che e per la promozione di una maggiore equità di genere nel mondo del lavoro. Ma ci sono altre ragioni per occuparsi di imprenditoria femminile. Innanzitutto, le imprese a condu­zione femminile rappresentano un motore trainante per l’e­conomia. In Italia, per esempio, nel 2023 si contavano oltre 1,3 milioni di imprese a conduzione femminile, pari al 22,2% del tessuto produttivo nazionale, con la generazione di impie­go per circa 3,2 milioni di persone (Unioncamere, 2024a). Numeri che attestano il peso significativo dell’imprenditoria femminile nel tessuto economico italiano.

Oltre al contributo economico, l’imprenditoria femminile assume un valore sociale inestimabile. Le donne imprenditri­ci, infatti, rappresentano modelli di riferimento per altre don­ne, contribuendo a sfatare stereotipi di genere e a promuovere l’emancipazione femminile. Inoltre, le imprese a conduzione femminile spesso si caratterizzano per un approccio al busi­ness più attento all’etica, alla sostenibilità e al benessere dei dipendenti, contribuendo a creare un modello di sviluppo più equo e inclusivo.Analizzare l’imprenditoria femminile, dunque, non è solo un esercizio statistico, ma un’operazione necessaria per com­prendere appieno il suo valore e per sviluppare politiche e in­terventi mirati a sostenerla e a favorirne la crescita. Tuttavia, tale analisi non può esaurirsi in meri indicatori quantitativi. Per cogliere la complessità del fenomeno, è ne­cessario integrare dati qualitativi che permettano di esplorare le motivazioni, le sfide e le esperienze delle donne imprendi­trici. Studi e ricerche approfondite in merito possono fornire insight preziosi per comprendere i fattori che influenzano il successo o l’insuccesso delle imprese, permettendo di svilup­pare interventi mirati a rimuovere gli ostacoli e a valorizzare le potenzialità imprenditoriali inespresse.

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